Popular Steel Corporation

Description

EN36C gives a hard case with a strong core, whilst retaining a remarkable degree of toughness.

Chemical composition Applications

As a carburizing steel grade it is suitable for roller and ball bearings of extra light section, aero plane and motor crankshafts requiring hard surfaces for roller paths, connecting rods with case-hardened ends, as well as highly stressed gudgeon pins, gears and certain types of collets.

Carburizing/ Case Hardening

Case hardening will give a hard wear resisting surface and tough core strength to the steel. Case hardening temperatures range from 860-960°C, followed by rapid quenching which will determine the resulting hardness.

Tempering

For optimum toughness temper at low temperatures for a minimum of 2 hours. The case hardness should be in the region of 60-62HRc.

Typical Mechanical Properties Softening

If it is necessary to soften the EN36 for machining between the carburising and subsequent heat treatment stages, heat to 640-650°C. Soak at this temperature for 1 to 2 hours and cool slowly in the furnace or in air.

Heat Treatment

Heat treatment temperatures, including rate of heating, cooling and soaking times will vary due to factors such as the shape and size of each EN36 steel component. Other considerations during the heat treatment process include the type of furnace, quenching medium and work piece transfer facilities. Please consult your heat treatment provider for full guidance on heat treatment of EN36 case hardening steel.

Description

C10 is a plain carbon steel with a nominal 0.10% carbon content. It is relatively low strength steel but it may be quenched and tempered for increased strength

Chemical composition Applications

The low carbon steels, such as C10, are used for applications such as cold headed fasteners and bolts.

Physical properties (Average values) at ambient temperature

Modulus of elasticity [103 X N/mm2]: 210

Density [g/c m3]:  7.85

Thermal Conductivity [W/m.K]:  58.6

Electric resistivity [Ohm mm2/m]: 0.11

Specific heat capacity [J/g.K]:  0.46

 

Coefficient of linear Thermal Expansion 10-6 0 C -1 Soft Annealing

Heat to 850-950 0C, Cool slowly. This will produce a harness of 90-100HB.

Stress Relieving

Stress relieving to remove machining stresses should be carried out by heating to approx 540 0C, holding for 1-2 hours at heat, followed by air cooling. This operation is performed to reduce distortion during heat treatment

Forging

Hot forming temperature 1299-950 0C.

Machinability

Machinability of C10 steel is fairly good, especially in the cold drawn or cold worked condition. Based upon Carbon steel AISI 1112 as a reference that is considered 100% machinable (easily machined) the C10 steel has a rating of 55%.

Corrosion Resistance

This is a plain carbon steel has no corrosion resistance. It will rust unless protected.

Welding

C10 steel may be welded by all of the standard welding techniques

Cold Working

C10 is easily cold worked by traditional means. Following severe cold working a stress relief, or full, anneal should be performed.

Equivalent grades of grade C10 (1.0301) Mechanical PropertiesApplications

The aerospace industry, automobile motorcycle bicycle manufacturing, bearings, medical equipment, instrumentation, and precision instrument industries are the ideal matching products

Characteristics and Advantages

Carbon steel ball, chrome steel ball, stainless steel ball, complete product specifications, can provide you with accuracy of 10 -1 000 level within the various types of steel balls of various specification

Description

C15 is a plain carbon steel with a nominal 0.15% carbon content. It is a relatively low strength steel but it may be quenched and tempered for increased strength.

Chemical composition Mechanical Properties Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion 10^-6 °C^-1 Physical Properties(avarage values) at ambient temperature Applications

The low carbon steels, such as C15 are used for applications such as cold headed fasteners and botts.

Soft Annealing

Heat to 850-950°C, cool slowly. This will produce a hardness of 90-100 HB.

Stress Relieving

Stress relieving to remove machining stresses should be carried out by heating to approx. 540°C, holding for 1-2 hours at heat, followed by air cooling. This operation is performed to reduce distortion during heat treatment.

Forging

Hot forming temperature: 1200-950°C.

Heat Treatment Conditions Cold Working

C 15 is easily cold worked by traditional means. Following severe cold working a stress relief, or full, anneal should be performed.

Description

Steels with only carbon as their specific alloying element are known as carbon steels. Traces of 0.4% silicon and 1.2% manganese can be found in these steels. Carbon steels also contain small quantities of copper, nickel, molybdenum, aluminium and chromium.

Chemical composition Thermal Properties Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Applications

carbon steel can be used in forged, cold-headed or cold-formed parts which are low strength with wear resistant and hard surfaces.

• Machinery parts
• Construction components
• Trusses
• Building sections
• Tool and die applications
• Cold-extruded and case-hardened partsHeat Treatment

• Normalize at 1675° to 1725°F (913° to 941°C) before air cooling
• Full anneal at 1600° to 1725°F (871° to 941°C) before furnace cooling
• Process anneal after cold working at 1100° to 1225°F (593° to 663°C)
• Harden
• Carburized
• Not carburized
• Can be case hardened

Machinability

• Readily machined
• Annealed
• Normalized
• Cold-drawn
• Carburized
• Quenched, tempered
• Good surface finish may be compromised from tearing in annealed state

Workability

• Hot roll or forge from 1800° to 2300°F (982° to 1260°C)
• Intermediate annealing required for substantial cold work
• Fully anneal when further cold work will follow extensive cold work

Soft Annealing

Heat to 850-950°C, cool slowly. This will produce a hardness of 90-100 HB.

Description

C1018 is a general purpose low carbon steel with good case hardening qualities. It has a higher manganese content than certain other low carbon grades, such as 1020. With higher manganese, 1018 is better steel for carburized parts, since it produces a harder and more uniform case. It also has higher mechanical properties and better machinability due to the cold drawing process. Most 1018 is produced by cold drawing. In this process, oversize hot rolled bars, which have been cleaned of scale, are drawn through dies to the required size.

Cold drawing increases tensile and yield strength but decreases ductility. Cold drawing also increases torsional strength, surface hardness and wear resistance. Due to size limitations of the cold drawing process, large diameter bars are generally turned and polished, the hot roll rounds usually machine turned, rather than drawn, then abrasively polished. C1018, available in rounds, flats, squares and hexagons, has a relatively large size selection.

Chemical composition Mechanical Properties Applications

1018 has a wide variety of applications. It is used for parts requiring cold forming, such as crimping, swaging or bending. For severe bends, stress relieving may be necessary to prevent cracking. It is highly suitable for carburized parts, such as gears, ratchets, worms, pinions, pins, chain pins, dowels, machine parts, non-critical components of tool and die sets, tool holders, etc. It is used when good workability is required, on parts requiring threading, drilling, punching and machining. It is extensively used for mounting plates,spacers and fixtures. C1018 is suitable for all applications that do not require the greater strength of high carbon and alloy steels.

Machinability and Weldability

Machinability is rated at 78% of B1112. Average cutting speed 130 ft/min. This grade is easily welded by all welding processes including gas, air, and submerges arc, and the resultant welds and joints are of extremely high quality. Preheat and post-weld heating is generally not necessary.

Test parameters for corrosion experiments, surface characterization and inhibitor characterization.

Description

C-1020 is a low hardenability and low tensile carbon steel with Brinell hardness of 119 – 235 and tensile strength of 410-790 MPa. It has high machinability, high strength, high ductility and good weldability. It is normally used in turned and polished or cold drawn condition. Due to its low carbon content, it is resistant to induction hardening or flame hardening. Due to lack of alloying elements, it will not respond to nitriding. However, carburization is possible in order to obtain case hardness more than Rc65 for smaller sections that reduces with an increase in section size. Core strength will remain as it has been supplied for all the sections. Alternatively, carbon nitriding can be performed, offering certain benefits over standard carburizing.

C1020 offers better machinability than the normal low carbon commercial alternative of A36.

A low carbon, general purpose, special quality machinery steel, suitable for ordinary hammer forging and case hardening. Readily weldable.

Chemical composition Physical Properties Mechanical Properties Machining

In the cold drawn or turned and polished condition, AISI 1020 steel has high machinability. As per recommendations of machine manufacturers, AISI 1020 steel can be used for drilling, turning, milling and tapping operations using suitable feeds, tool type and speeds.

Weldability

AISI 1020 can be welded by performing the most common welding processes. In the cold drawn or turned and polished condition, it has better weldability. 

16MnCr5 Applications

High Strength Alloy Steel for parts with a required core tensile strength of 800 – 1100 N/mm² and good wearing resistance as piston bolts, camshafts, levers and other vehicle and mechanical engineering components. Higher stressed components – gears, shafts, crankshafts, connecting rods, cam shafts, etc.

Chemical composition Equivalent grades of grade 16MnCr5 HEAT TREATMENT AND HOT PLASTIC DEFORMATION TEMPERATURES Mechanical Properties Hardenability

Description

Alloyed case hardening steel for parts with a required core tensile strength of 1000 – 1300 N/mm² and good wearing resistance as boxes, piston bolts, spindles, camshafts, gears, shafts and other mechanical controlling parts.

Chemical composition Applications

For Carburizing and subsequently hardening

Metallurgical Properties

Inclusion Rating : A 1.5/0.5, B C D 1.5/1.0, E 45A

Grain Size : Fine Grain Size – ASTM No.6-8

Decarburizing & Surface Imperfections : 1% of size max

Microstructure : Pearlte + Ferrite

Mechanical Properties

Coils, Hot rolled : 240 BHN max.

HEAT TREATMENT AND HOT PLASTIC DEFORMATION TEMPERATURES Mechanical properties of grade 20MnCr5 Soft Annealing

Heat to 650-700 0C.

Carburizing

Temperature 900-950 0C . Cooing from carburizing temperature: water, oil, air, thermal bath, cooling box.

Hardening

Core hardening 850 – 880 0C. Case hardening: 810 -8400C.  Quenching media: water, oil, air, thermal bath.

Tempering

Tempering temperature : 170-200 0C.

Forging

Hot Forming temperature: 1100-850 0C.